Napoleon I

Napoleon I', circa 1810, (1896). Napoleon I Bonaparte (1769-1821), Emperor of France from 1804, depicted as Caesar with laurel wreath. Napoleon enjoyed a meteoric rise through the ranks of the French Revolutionary army. In 1799 he led a coup to overthrow the government, the Directory, and became first consul and effective dictator of France. In 1804, he declared himself Emperor, and embarked on a series of military campaigns across Europe, the Napoleonic Wars. Victories such as Austerlitz and Jena led to France establishing its power across much of the continent. In 1812, however, Napoleon embarked on a disastrous invasion of Russia and defeat at Leipzig in 1813 led to his abdication and exile to Elba. He ecaped in 1815, raised another army, but was finally defeated by Wellington at Waterloo, and exiled again to the remote island of St Helena where he died. Photograph of the bust by Chaudet, after Napoleon's death mask. The bust marks the place where stood the bed on which Napoleon died. From Life of Napoleon Bonaparte, Volume IV, by William Milligan Sloane. [The Century Co., New York, 1896]. Artist Unknown. (Photo by The Print Collector/Getty Images)